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Calculus

Calculus is the study of continuous change. Modern calculus was developed by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz in the 17th century.

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Calculus provides equations for calculating change much more efficiently than is possible using simple enumeration. Because Machine Learning relies heavily on change calculation, the efficiency provided by calculus is essential.

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Training Machine Learning models and performing predictions using those models involves change measurement, and calculus is used extensively for these operations.

A passion for calculus can unlock new worlds.
— Isaac Newton
Calculus is the greatest aid we have to the application of physical truth in the broadest sense of the word.
— William Fogg Osgood
Calculus works by making visible the infinitesimally small.
— Keith Devlin